Journal of Education and Social Studies

Unlocking the Potential: Factors Driving the Competitiveness of Citrus Exports from Pakistan

Sun, 25 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Pakistan's agriculture industry is vital to the country's economy since it has confined exportation goods and markets and struggles with a lingering trade imbalance. This study shed light on the modern economic notion of competitiveness by attempting to assess and pinpoint factors affecting citrus exports, which account for 2.48% of the agricultural GDP. In trade theory, competitive edge is a better phrase to use instead of "competitive profit." Panel data and time series data were also employed in this study. The UN-FAO, AMIS, WDI, and WITS were the primary sites from which the secondary sources of data were gathered. The factors that generated an estimate of exports among Pakistan and other nations were identified using a gravity model. The export number, the variables that varied between Pakistan and its top exporters included the value of exports and exporting price examined in this study. RCA indices and their expansions were used in conjunction with suitable statistical techniques to examine the collected data. The study's conclusions were anticipated to be useful in formulating some plans to boost Pakistan's citrus exports. The nominal GDP of Pakistan and the importing nations, their exchange rate, and the region under evaluation for citrus were important drivers. The findings of this study demonstrated that while Pakistan's citrus output is fairly steady, much more work is required to guarantee and optimize gains in the export of citrus crop types.

Effect of Non-Farm Income on Income Inequality in Pakistan

Tahira Sadaf, Ayesha Rouf, Sidra Noreen, Asghar Ali, Komal Azhar — Sat, 07 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The portion of farm households' income outside the farm, such as non-farm salaries and wages, pensions, and interest income, is referred to as non-farm income. In Pakistan, non-farm profit is an essential source of income. "income inequality" describes the inequitable income distribution between people or families in a community or economy. Income inequality is a significant issue worldwide, including in Pakistan. This research estimated the effect of non-farm income on rural and urban areas and analyzed the relationship between non-farm income and income inequality within households. Secondary data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey Household data (2019-20) was used. Multinomial Logistic Regression was applied to the data, and income inequality was calculated using the Gini coefficient. The population was divided into quartiles to measure income distribution. The research found that non-farm income raises income inequality, while farm income is an income equalizer among the population. The reason behind this is that a major portion of income or wealth is accessed by the upper society, with only a minor portion reaching the lower levels of the population. Specifically, the Gini coefficient for non-farm income was 0.65, indicating higher inequality, compared to 0.45 for farm income. In urban areas, non-farm income provides large opportunities, while rural areas predominantly depend on the farm sector. There is a need to raise awareness about the non-farm sector in rural sector. The study's policy implications include the following: In order to improve agricultural households' income and low-income disparity, non-farm income activities have to be promoted. The study also suggests that Inequalities within rural communities should be addressed as part of an equal development strategy, in addition to the rural-urban gap.

Academic Dishonesty and Its Impact on Students’ Moral and Personality Development

Sat, 07 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Academic dishonesty is an illegal activity in which students are involved in different ways for the temporary benefit of ignoring other aspects of this illegal activity. One aspect of this activity enchants students to get temporary success in exams through unlawful activity. On the other hand, the second aspect is very terrible, which spoils all students' abilities. This study aims to highlight the effect of academic dishonesty on students' moral development and personality. This study was conducted at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Out of a total seven faculties faculty of social sciences was chosen purposively. A total of 105 students were selected randomly from the chosen faculty. The researcher collected data through a validated and pre-tested questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of this study indicate that lack of confidence, Failure to explore ideas, and lack of hard work have adverse effects on students' personalities. Lack of discipline among students and low acceptance of students' opinions lowered students' moral development. This study suggested that academic dishonesty is minimized by using institutions' ethical, professional standards and building student confidence.

Gender Differences in the Perception of Ethics and Civic Moral Disengagement in Medical Doctors

Sauliha Ali, Asma Majeed, Zara Haroon, Komal Faisal — Sun, 08 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aims to find the gender differences in the perception of doctors while making ethical decisions and their level of civic morality. A simple distinction between ethics and morality would be that ethics are in reference to an external source, they come from the work environment. A comparative research design has been used in this study for which a Purposive sampling strategy was selected. The participants of the study selected were 75 male and 75 female doctors aged 25-40 years, practicing in Jinnah Hospital and Services Hospital, Lahore. Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) and Moral Disengagement Scale (MDS) were utilized to collect the data. To identify the differences among the variables Independent Sample T-test was administered on the collected data. The results of the study revealed that there is no significant difference in the perception of ethics and civic moral disengagement, this brought to the view that gender alone does not influence one’s ethics, pro-social reasoning, and behavior. The findings of this current research state that there are no differences among doctors working in two different locations, among genders, or between ethics and civic moral disengagement. This would be helpful to know because doctors constantly face questions regarding ethics and have to make fast, effective decisions that will affect their patient's life.

Personality Traits and Tax Evasion Attitude: The Moderating Role of Religiosity

Mirha Mehmood, Nisar Ahmad, Muhammad Azeem, Hafiz Khurram Shahzad — Thu, 12 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tax evasion remains a significant issue despite regulatory improvements, with informal sectors, income underreporting, and corruption contributing to the problem. Studies typically focus on economic factors but overlook non-economic influences, such as psychological factors, social norms, and religion. This research explores the impact of religiosity on tax evasion, particularly how it affects the relationship between personality traits and tax evasion behaviors. Using a sample of 443 individuals from salaried and self-employed backgrounds, the study employed survey methodology to gather data. The results of analysis revealed that personality traits like conscientiousness, openness to experience, neuroticism, agreeableness, and extraversion significantly influence tax evasion attitudes. Conscientiousness particularly affects self-interest tax evasion, while religiosity moderates the relationship between extraversion and self-interest tax evasion and between conscientiousness and justice of system tax evasion. The findings suggest that incorporating religious values into tax policy could help reduce tax evasion. Policymakers are advised to enhance tax compliance by promoting tax awareness through educational programs, emphasizing community benefits, and collaborating with religious scholars to foster ethical tax practices. The study underscores the importance of considering religiosity and personality traits in developing strategies to combat tax evasion, especially in developing countries.

Philip Sidney's 'An Apology for Poetry': A Scholarly Analysis

Gulzar Bibi — Thu, 12 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this article, an attempt was made to present a scholarly analysis of “An Apology for poetry” written by Philip Sidney. Sidney in his work expressed critical guidelines to create understanding about the poetry among readers. According to him, poetry is a particular form of communication, particularly when addressing complex relationships that require additional rhetorical effort, such as persuasion and art. He subdivided the creative poetry to make a clear sense to his readers and made strong arguments about the creative nature of imitative poetry. Poetry is noble to all sciences and it comes from the poet’s heart and ideas of imagination. He defended the accusations against poetry and established the environment of understanding about poetry’s importance and excellence for his readers for the sake of the audience’s stronger development in understanding and deep effective learning.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Joe Biden’s First Speech as President in 2020

Mahnoor Ehsan, Muhammad Salman Amin, Sonia Abdul Hameed — Thu, 12 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research article endeavors to apply the CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) model by Norman Fairclough to reveal the political identities and distinct ideologies of the United States' political personalities. The U.S. has always been drowned in different leadership and especially race/color discrimination crises. This paper presents the CDA of the presidential-elect inaugural speech of Joe Biden after the historical U.S. election of 2020. This speech was delivered on 7th November 2020. Like all modified academic disciplines, CDA is developed as an advanced academic discipline. The present research article stands on the base of Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional analytical model. Applying Fairclough’s 3D framework helps examine the ground political ideology of the speech. Analysis of linguistic choices has been examined at the first level and discourse practice of the text at the second level. The third level examined sociocultural practices. The underlying aim of this research paper was to examine the linguistic resources the speaker used. It also aims to examine Joe Biden’s political ideology behind his speech. This study lays out an impetus for further research in this field by providing initial grounds for it.

Concept Formation Teaching Model: A Correlational Study of Concept Development

Irshad Ullah, Maksal Minaz, Saqib Shahzad — Thu, 12 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A concept is an idea. It helps to classify things in mind. Concepts are one of the key parts of the teaching-learning process. These are always related to learner academic success. Academic success always depends on a student’s clear concept. The study objective was to find the relationship between the concept formation teaching model and students’ academic success. An experimental study was conducted for a period of two months to determine the effect of this model on the academic success of the students. The study was concluded that students who instructed by this model scored significantly high than the students who instructed by a conventional way of teaching. A retention test was also taken for the purpose of knowing the students’ retention levels. The study results of retention test showed that students retain their concepts for a longer period of time with accuracy. Removal of misconception and strengthening of precise and accurate concepts is only possible when teaching is based on conceptual learning. To substitute the procedural learning from conceptual learning, this model is helpful and proved to be significant in teaching-learning process. It is recommended to use this model to form and develop concepts.

The Effect of Congruency between Social Issue-Product, Social Issue-Endorser and Message

Sidra Ghazanfar, Sana Mukhtar, Muhammad Abdullah, Jumana Maryam, Hessan Rasheed — Fri, 13 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Critical Analysis of Hybridity and Multiculturalism in the Short Story “My Son the Fanatic” by Hanif Qureshi

Gulzar Bibi — Wed, 25 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In his presented textual writings, all these approaches, i.e, multiculturalism, hybridity, cultural clashes, identity crisis, and fundamentalism, are equally measured by Hanif Qureishi beautifully. The main focus of this research is achieved using questionnaires and a critical analysis approach. Key results are extracted from the critical analysis of the text of short story My Son the Fanatic (1994) on account of religious perspectives and fundamentalism. It is observed that second-generation of immigrant families are less in touch with their primary origin as their religious identity for Muslim immigrants who have a residence in British for a long time; respectively, in this present research short story My Son The Fanatic; the case seems in an opposite direction because the represented character Ali who is counts as a second generation young man in immigrants family of Pervaiz , shows strong attachment to his religion after they realize the true impact of his origin upon their real life, therefore, he is firmly diverted to his religion and follow the actual pattern of Islam and becomes a fundamentalist figure of his time, opposite to his father. This shows nature can never change. That’s why he questioned his father in the final period: “Who is fanatic now?”

Effect of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) on Academic Achievement of Students in the Subject of Chinese Language

Muhammad Javaid Toor, Muhammad Sarwar, Muhammad Arif Mirza — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study was primarily focused on investigating the effect of self-regulated learning (SRL) on the academic achievement of Chinese language learners among non-native learners. It was a true experimental research methodology based on pre-test and post-test research design. It was conducted at the University of Central Punjab (UCP) Lahore by selecting 70 students. After conducting the pre-test it was randomly allocated into dual groupings. One is the experimental while the other is the control group. After 16 weeks of treatment, a post-test was conducted. The results showed that the higher the achievement of learners of the experimental group than the learners alienated into the control group of the Chinese language post-test although all students performed equally in the pre-test which exhibited that all students had the same knowledge about the Chinese language before conducting research. It is also recommended that teachers should be conscious of employing the stratagem that initiates self-regulating learning in accordance with the contents of the textbook. Foregoing the above, it is suggested that the developers responsible for implementing the curriculum should also design the courses to inspire students to boost self-regulating-learning skills among them. Refresher-Courses for the professional-cum-novice instructors should be conducted to include the significance of self-regulating learning for students as well. The present research study was focused on the behavioral domain of self-regulating learning with respect to academic achievement of students learning the Chinese language at the university level and more is appreciated to fill the gap.

Shaping Young Minds: The Influence of Environmental Factors on Students Attitude

Ms Umm-e-Rabania, Basit Iqbal, Muhammad Sarwar, Muhammad Arif — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study focused on how the environment influences primary school children's attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors. It looked at factors like family, school, and community settings, as well as physical characteristics such as climate. The study aimed to understand students' environmental attitudes and determine the impact on their feelings and behaviors, while also promoting knowledge and values for environmental protection. The study was descriptive, targeting primary school students in Lodhran district. A sample of 325 students was selected using random sampling. A 35-item questionnaire was used, and data was collected through self-effort. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was ensured through pilot testing and experts’ opinions. The data was analyzed using frequency, mean score, percentage, and standard deviation. Overall, the study concluded that creating welcoming, supportive, and interactive environment in various settings was essential for fostering positive attitudes and self-confidence in primary school children. This study recommends that school heads and teachers should create a conducive learning environment to promote students' behaviors essential for their future lives.

Tobacco Craving Questionnaire Short Version: Translation and Validation in Urdu

Muhammad Talha Khalid, Naba Noor, Faiza Hashmi — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco Craving Questionnaire is a very important measure and is widely used in many countries to measure tobacco craving among cigarette smokers. But unfortunately, most of the cigarette smokers in Pakistan do not know about English language and therefore it was a need to translate the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire into the Urdu language. Cross-Sectional survey design has been used. Forward and backward translation was conducted on a sample of 40 cigarette smokers. Both SPSS (Version-26) and AMOS (Version-10) have been used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and alpha reliability analysis were conducted on the scale. To verify the validity of the scale, 500 smokers were included in a sample and subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The scale's Cronbach alpha reliability was 0.73 which indicated satisfactory reliability. 11 items from the translated Urdu version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire were validated by Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In CFA item number 9 was excluded from the model because it explained zero regression weight. Reliability and validity were confirmed in the findings of the study of the translated Urdu version of the questionnaire. Tobacco Craving Questionnaire Short Version (TCQ-SF) among Pakistani habitual smokers has been verified by translation and cross-lingual validation of the Pakistani version of the scale and confirmed its cross-cultural use. The findings have significant implications for Pakistan's indigenous population.

Role of Verbal Encouraging Phrases (VEP) on Students Academic Achievement at Secondary School Level

Khadija Rafeeq, Muhammad Sarwar, Arif Mirza — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The role of verbal encouraging phrases (VEP) in education has garnered significant attention in recent years, as educators and researchers alike seek to understand the factors that enhance student motivation and academic performance. The researchers designed two research objectives to execute the study were as; to find out the difference based on gender perceptions in the role of verbal encouraging phrases and the academic achievement of students in secondary level; to examine the relationship between the scores of verbal encouraging phrases and students' academic achievement. The current study was a descriptive research that was designed to investigate the role of verbal encouraging phrases in students' academic achievement at secondary school level. The researchers selected the sample of 350 secondary school students from the population. A research questionnaire was developed to collect data from the respondents. The evaluation of academic performance was based on task completion time and accuracy. Preliminary findings suggest a significant positive correlation between the use of verbal encouraging phrases by educators and heightened academic motivation among students. Further analysis reveals that the used of verbal encouraging phrases (VEP) is strongly associated with improved academic achievement, underscoring the importance of verbal reinforcement in educational settings. The study's outcomes highlight the critical of verbal encouragement in fostering a motivating learning environment, thereby contributing to enhanced academic performance. These insights provide valuable implications for educational practices, suggesting that educators should strategically employ verbal encouraging phrases to boost students' motivation and academic success.

Impact of Social Media Usage on Students’ Mental Health and Overall Well-Being of University Undergraduate Students

Fri, 27 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The function of social media was substantial and its advancement had impacted different spheres of people’s lives, the leading change being in terms of cognitive processes and corresponding daily routines, interpersonal communication, knowledge acquisition, self-identification, and ways of perceiving environment. This study investigated the link between social media usage and the mental health and well-being of university students. Study included variables of social media usage, stress level, constant thinking, self- esteem, sleep schedule, emotional well-being, and daily routine. The main motive of the study was to examine the effect of digital media on student's mental health and well-being of undergraduate’s university students and to explore the demographic differences like gender on the influence of social media usage on the mental health and well-being of university undergraduate students through survey research method. The research methodology was used in this study quantitative and descriptive type nature research. The data were collected from 250 students from the undergraduates’ students of University of Sargodha through Convenient sampling technique. The research instrument for this study was self-developed by the researcher. In this present study independent sample T-Test was used to check the demographic difference and Pearson Correlation was used for checking the link between social media and mental health. Study revealed a significant positive relationship between social media usage and mental well-being indicating that expanded social media usage was associated with improved mental well-being. In this study no notable gender gap were discovered in the relationship between social media usage and mental health outcomes. Findings suggested that social media usage may had a beneficial impact on mental well-being among university students.

Impact of Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) on Voting Behavior of Women in District Sanghar

Ronaque Ali Behan, Mukesh Kumar Khatwani — Sun, 29 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper, based on the findings of the research project sponsored by Sindh Higher Education Commission, attempts to study the impact of BISP on the voting behaviour of women in district Sanghar, Pakistan. Sanghar is one of the largest districts of Rural Sindh in terms of population and area, which is comprised of 6 talukas. The population of district is more than 2 million and around half of the population of district is female. There are mainly two large political parties in district Sanghar which secure most of the seats of national as well as provincial assemblies. However, after the launching of Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) in 2008, the results of elections have turned in favour of one party. In last general elections 2018 Pakistan People’s Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) bagged 6 out of 9 seats as compared to 0 seats out of 9 in 2002. Thus, the study has selected the Sanghar district as model to assess the impact of BISP on voting behavior. Mixed method research approach was employed to collect data for this study. Total of 1079 face-to-face structured questionnaires were administered and 12 focus group discussion (FGDs) were conducted in six talukas of the district. The results demonstrate major change in the voting behavior of voters in district Sanghar. The findings of the study suggest the significant impact of BISP on the voting behavior of women in Sanghar district.

Identity Crises and the Impact of 9/11: A Post-Colonial Study of the Reluctant Fundamentalist and Khuda Kay Lye

Safa Zaheer, Muhammad Adnan, Tajalla Qureshi, Iram Khalil, Mohsin Iqbal — Sun, 29 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The current study explores the devastating aftershocks and identity crises caused by 9/11. It furthermore, presents the upheavals through two different forms of literature: The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid and the cinematic film Khuda Kay Liye by Shoaib Mansoor. The study employs a post-colonial lens, utilizing the concept of marginality to examine identity crises and the traumatic aftermath of 9/11. In addition, the study highlights the main characters of both the literary forms: novel and film, demonstrating how they face marginalization at various levels—cultural, religious, and international. The background of the study encompasses the Afghan-Russian war in 1979 and the 9/11 attacks, which profoundly affected Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, fueling terrorism and raising questions about identity. Religious figures, as the research uncovers through the character of Changez in The Reluctant Fundamentalist, were often labeled as terrorists. On the other hand, Mansoor, Maryam, and Sarmad are marginalized in Khuda Kay Liye. Mansoor faces racial prejudice in the USA, while Sarmad and Maryam encounter religious extremism in Pakistan. While weaving together the theme of identity crises, the study adopts the framework of marginality, a significant aspect of post-colonial literature. With a clear understanding of the issues, the study utilizes post-colonial theory, using Edward Said's seminal work, Orientalism. Additionally, the researcher recognizes the significance of marginality, which is central to both the genre fiction and the films The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Khuda Kay Liye.

Democracy and Ethnic Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Cyprus, Pakistan and Palestine

Daniyal Talat, Gulnaz Nawaz — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the complex link between ethnic strife and democracy in the three different contexts of Palestine, Pakistan, and Cyprus. Based on the knowledge that ethnically varied communities frequently struggle to manage interethnic conflicts, the research develops and evaluates theories to reveal the complex processes at work. The impact of inclusion in democratic government, the function of institutional strength, the impact of outside players, and the relationship between ethnic conflicts and economic inequality are the main topics of speculation. The research examines the viability of these theories in the unique historical, political, and social contexts of each nation by using a comparative approach. In Pakistan, where several ethnic groups live side by side, the study evaluates how democratic government either lessens or exacerbates past conflicts. The study looks at how democracy interacts with outside forces in the context of resolving conflict in the split island of Cyprus. Research in Palestine explores the intricacies of democratic struggles in the Palestinian territories and how they relate to the larger Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The results add to our understanding of how democracy may be used as a tool for controlling and averting ethnic tensions if it is framed and implemented well. The study also emphasizes the necessity of context-specific strategies, recognizing that different historical, cultural, and geopolitical elements particular to each situation must be considered for democratic administration to be successful in reducing ethnic conflicts.

Communication Networks and the Transnational Spread of Ethnic Conflict

Faria Iftikhar — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

How the interconnectedness of the global system influences the network of ethnic conflict communication is the focus of this work. The study aims at understanding how the analyses of ethnic conflicts gather momentum and spread throughout the world through the review of literature, case studies, and media coverage, social media issues, and deliberate disinformation campaigns. The study employs a qualitative approach, drawing on secondary sources and theoretical frameworks to explore hypotheses that talk about how media coverage is rising in proportion to the ethnic conflict’s transnational diffusion, how social media usage is connected with diaspora mobilisation and conflict extension, and how the purposeful spread of fake news increases the intensity and geographical scope of the conflict. The Rohingya crisis is also one of the best examples of the shifts in communication networks and their impact on the ethnic conflicts by influencing the international community’s perception and response. Communications networks may have the potential to escalate conflict and ‘spread’ wrong information, but they also have the potential to create awareness and tackle conflict. In the light of these observations, the study offers recommendations in the areas of codes of ethical media practices, regulation of use of social media, especially in multi-ethnic societies, to prevent incitement, and techniques of combating disinformation.

Role of Human Capital, Industrialization and Trade Openness in Economic Growth in Selected Asian Countries

Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research focuses on the impact of human capital with industrialization, trade openness and urban population on growth potential of selected Asian countries by using a panel data of eight Asian economies. The dependent variable was used as GDP per capita. The random effect results highlighted that secondary school enrolment has contributed much towards growth. It was also found that industrialization has also augmented growth of the Asian nations. Moreover, trade openness and urban population also seemed to be enhancing economic growth in Asian countries. The findings recommended that nations must allocate more budget towards education sector which will make possible more and free of cost education for the general public. Moreover, economies must focus on more education and more stable economic and political environment for more production and growth in these economies.

Role of Human Capital, Information Communication Technology and Financial Development in Determining Economic Growth of Selected Asian Economies

Hafsa Nazir, Asif Ali Abro, Ahmad Raza ul Mustafa — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Our research makes an effort to highlight the role of human capital, information communication and technology and financial development in increasing economic growth of Asian economies based on panel data of eight Asian nations. We have used GDP per capita as the dependent variable. The authors have used the random effect technique to check how human capital and information communication technology with other factors lead to enhanced growth. The study results point out that human capital, information communication and technology, and financial development increase economic growth in the concerned nations. Moreover, the urban population is also significantly increasing economic growth. It is suggested that Asian countries must improve their educational and financial systems for more growth and development. Moreover, there is a need to provide more financial services to make better the financial system for high growth.

Impact of Economic and Social Infrastructure and Government Final Consumption Expenditures on Economic Growth: An Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Sumra Khalid, Iram Batool — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The existing research set forth the impact of economic and social infrastructure along with government final consumption expenditures on economic growth by using panel data from a number of selected Asian nations. The GDP per capita has been used as the dependent variable. However, economic and social infrastructure along with Government final consumption expenditures have been taken as major explanatory factors. The authors have used the random effect technique to analyze an association of dependent and independent variables. Findings reveal that both economic and social capital lead to increased economic growth of the concerned economies. The result also points out that Government final consumption expenditures also result in increased growth of the Asian economies. The study recommends that Asian nations must improve economic and social infrastructure to improve growth and development. In addition, the Government should focus on investments in urban settings to absorb the increasing population. Finally, the Government must ensure the proper allocation and utilization of funds towards developmental projects for achieving high growth.

Correlates of Low Birth Weight and Effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care for its Management: Lessons Learned from A Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan

Shahla Akram, Muhammad Raashid, Muhammad Usman, Sidra Shahzad, Shagufta Zareen — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study focuses on socio-economic, demographic, biological, and obstetrical correlates of preterm birth and low birth weight of neonates. It also evaluates the effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) as a low-cost approach to managing the issue of low birth weight. Data collected from Services Hospital; a tertiary hospital situated in Lahore, Pakistan has been utilized. Results showed that factors such as parents' education, working status, and wealth status, as well as the mothers' age, age of gestation, and parity and gravida, were associated with low birth weight. Evidence showed weight gain after using KMC with 5 to 10 days of skin-to-skin contact and exclusive breastfeeding, leading to better health and early discharge from the hospital. However, socio-economic factors were not only correlated with preterm and low birth weight but also a hurdle to using KMC. The study provides insights for policymakers and highlights the need to address socio-economic backwardness to improve neonatal health.

Prevalence Rate of Emotional Disturbance among Early Graders: A Diagnostic Study

Moneeza Aslam, Dr. Saira, Hafsah Khanum — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to investigate the prevalence rate of emotional disturbance at the early childhood level. The study was quantitative in nature. The study was conducted to investigate the prevalence rate of emotional disturbance. Screening of early graders was carried out by the class teacher using screening test regarding emotionally disturbed and stable students. Govt. Girls High school Jalal Pur Jattan Gujrat was taken as a sample. All the students enrolled in early grade were the sample of the study. An instrument “Screening test to screen out emotionally disturbed Students” was developed by the researcher to collect data for the investigation of research objective. Screening test for screening emotionally disturbed students conducted by the class teacher. It was concluded that mostly students were emotionally stable and few students were emotionally disturbed. On the basis of conclusion it was recommend that teachers and parents should be aware about child emotional state and other behavioral problems at early childhood level for their better development and learning, the higher authorities may train teachers to diagnose emotional disturbance among early graders to use different strategies to improve their learning and the school administration may arrange seminars for teachers and parents to aware regarding emotional development and disturbance among early graders for their better emotional development.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Chat GPT in English Language and Literature: An Experimental Investigation into AI-Generated Research Content

Bushra Munawar, Hina Rafique, Nida Mushtaq Khan — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence model, highly proficient in English language and literature. This research explored the functionality of ChatGPT in producing research-oriented texts of the English language and literature in higher education institutions. It consisted of careful analysis of the quality, coherence, and relevance of ChatGPT- produced- content in terms of its capability to develop research topics, abstracts, research methodologies and theoretical- framework -based data analysis, and conclusions. Furthermore, the study focused on its role in academic context by drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and limitations of ChatGPT in the research domain. Hence, the analysis consisted of scrutinizing the data for completeness, accuracy, and relevance of the content produced by ChatGPT administrating the CRAAP Test as the designed measure of performance of ChatGPT. Results showed a high proficiency of ChatGPT in originating research ideas and data explication but limiting response in composition of comprehensive abstract writing, research methodologies and principle design, especially when implementing practical implementation of overall research components. Furthermore, the study proposed that researchers should approach AI technology with a critical mindset. Contextually, the incorporation of human linguistic and literary expertise is recommended in utilization of ChatGPT in research studies and academic term papers. These measures will help maintain the quality and integrity of research and academic studies.

English as A Medium of Instruction in the Education System of Pakistan

Kiran Fatima, Naheed Ashfaq Qureshi — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

English as a medium of instruction in the education system of Pakistan is a controversial debate throughout the years since the independence of Pakistan, and is still a recurrent issue to be resolved. The purpose of the study is, to critically highlight the drawbacks in the education system of Pakistan resulting in hinderance to the development of the country. The data was collected from the general surveys and discussion, PM’s recent speech presenting the idea of One-nation One-curriculum, newspapers and by focusing on the education system of Pakistan as a whole. The study built its theoretical foundation by drawing from discourse analysis and critical theory. It is observed that, Pakistan is a multilingual and multicultural society. It is one of the most diverse societies linguistically as well as culturally. A nation’s development and growth depend on many factors out of which its educated people are most important who work for its development and contribute in its prosperity. The asset of a nation’s prosperity and developments resides in its educated community. The study suggests that the implication of English as a medium of instruction in the education system equally throughout Pakistan would be a strong factor in the development and prosperity of the nation.

Exploring the Difficulties in English Language Teaching for Attaining Desired Learning Outcomes at Primary Level: A Quantitative Study

Shazia Sajid, Nargis Abbas, Tahira Gillani — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study examined the Analysis of the difficulties in English language teaching for attaining desired learning outcomes at primary level. Total number of primary school English teachers of Punjab public schools was the population of the study. Out of these, two districts of the Punjab were selected through purposive sampling technique. At next, total 100 teachers were selected from public schools through purposive sampling. The data was collected from approximately fifty English teachers from Sargodha district and fifty English teachers from Khushab district through purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaire as instrument was prepared. First part of questionnaire contained demographic information while second part of questionnaire contained 30 statements about motivation, competency and attitude towards English language teacher’s problems. For quantitative analysis, the sample of the study was 100 teachers, 50 from Sargodha and 50 teachers from Khushab. The student sample t-test was employed to explain the data distribution and mean comparison between different variables. Descriptive analysis was conducted with the help of cross tabulation option of SPSS. The English teachers at the primary level frequently dealt with issues such as poor collaboration, little personal time, working toward long-term goals and objectives, debates and student justifications. By addressing these frequent issues in the classroom. Finding showed that female teachers exhibited higher score on difficulties faced by them in attaining desired learning outcomes (M= 1.48, SD=19.57) compared to the males who exhibited low score on difficulties faced by the teachers in attaining desired learning outcomes (M= 1.41, SD=18.50). The most important strategy was to use information technology and also should use Educational Competitions in the Classrooms, different type of activities which can boast the knowledge and confidence of students. Teachers needed to be skilled at rousing children in the classroom. Developing their consciousness, motivations and interests through learning are good. The government also played an important role in this sense such as they allocate fund for children to manage the building of school and also boast up students.

From Learners to Entrepreneurs: A Study on the Factors Affecting Student’s Entrepreneurial Intention

Sajeela Ahmad — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of several factors on student’s entrepreneurial intention. Apart from demographics factors and personality traits, the study focuses on behavioral factors and particularly on entrepreneurial education. A quantitative survey has covered the sample of 450 undergraduates from five general public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The data was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis. Findings of the study showed that all the behavioral factors have positive and significant influence on the student’s entrepreneurial intention. However, there is no significant difference in regard with student’s age, gender and work experience. Furthermore, the students who take entrepreneurial courses showed higher intention to start their own business as compared to their counterparts. Moreover, the study found that financial constraint is the major obstacle in developing student’s entrepreneurial intention. The results of this study provide valuable insight to educators, government and policy makers about the importance of entrepreneurship education and financial supports to stimulate the student’s entrepreneurial intention. It may also serve students better by recognizing and increasing their entrepreneurial strengths and focus on to start up their own business rather than rely on obsolete system.

Impact of Ecological Footprints Consumption, Energy Consumption and Human Capital on Economic Growth of Selected Asian Economies

Iram Batool, Qudsia Arshad, Sumra Khalid — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The existing research highlights the significant role of ecological footprint consumption along with other control variables in determining economic growth in selected Asian economies. The authors have utilized panel data from 8 Asian nations from the time span of 2006 to 2018. GDP per capita is used as the dependent variable. By using panel data from concerned Asian nations, variables such as ecological footprint consumption, energy consumption, financial development, and secondary school enrollment are used as independent variables in current research. By using the fixed effect method, it is found that ecological footprint consumption along with energy consumption, financial development, and human capital play a significant and positive role in improving the economic growth of economies. The study findings suggest much financial approach and energy consumption for promoting the growth of nations. Moreover, there is a need for more improved quality of free-of-cost higher education for high living standards and growth.

Ecological Footprints Consumption, Industrialization and Human Development of Selected Asian Countries

Safdar Iqbal, Mehwish Siddique, Miss Fouzia, Sadia Bashir — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Human development and industrialisation have received attention but their explicit connexion has not been discovered passably. Considering this, the current study highlights the relationship between ecological footprint consumption and industrialization with other variables in human development. In this study, we have used panel data from 8 Asian nations from 2011 to 2020. The human development index is used as the dependent variable. However, variables such as ecological footprint consumption, industrialization, financial development, and labor force participation rate are utilized as explanatory variables here. By using the random effect method, the result indicated that ecological footprint consumption, industrialization, and domestic credit to private sectors have significantly enhanced the human development of Asian countries. The study results suggested more earning chances and a stable environment for high growth and development. Moreover, there is a dire need for an improved financial system to increase the human development and welfare of Asian economies.

Human Capital and Industrialization are Key Determinants of Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected Developing Countries

Iram Batool, Maha Mobeen, Sumra Khalid — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Human capital has been considered as a major source of economic growth. It surely contributes to enhancing economic growth and development. Considering this, we have examined the key determinants of economic growth in nine developing economies. For this, the authors have used data from 2011 to 2020 from selected developing nations. In this research, GDP per capita is taken as the dependent variable. The random effect results highlight that industrialization and human capital lead to enhanced growth of economies. Moreover, the role of urbanization in promoting growth potential is also positive. Finally, foreign direct investment also seems to be increasing the economic growth in the concerned economies. The study findings recommend that these economies should focus more on free-of-cost higher education for boosting economic growth. There is also a need for a stable financial and political environment for attracting more industrialization and foreign direct investment.

Do Financial Inclusion, Human Capital and Gross Fixed Capital Formation Affect Economic Growth? An Evidence from Selected Developing Economies

Safdar Iqbal Shaheen, Muhammad Tahir Amin, Zeeshan Muhammad Yasir, Iqbal Javed — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Financial inclusion is generally considered a key driver of economic growth as it brings persons, families, and firms within the financial structure which activates consumption and expenses, particularly in the developing nations of the world. This research investigates the impact of financial inclusion with other major variables on the economic growth of selected developing nations. For the analysis, we have taken data from 2011 to 2020 from the concerned developing nations. By using a random effect technique, results show that financial inclusion, human capital, and urbanization tend to increase the economic growth of developing countries. Moreover, gross fixed capital formation also affects economic growth positively. The study results suggest that focus should be made on the provision of financial services to all segments of the community. Furthermore, there is a need for more educational facilities for having more economic growth. Finally, the Government should emphasize on more stable environment for more investment and industrialization in developing economies.

Impact of Immunization and Female Employment on Infant Mortality Rate: An Analysis from Developing Countries

Iqra Ayyoub, Hira Rafaqat, Saba Khan — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Health makes many contributions to attaining economic growth and sustainable development. Numerous efforts have been made to improve the children's health status in the nations of the world. However, developing economies are still helpless in alleviating or decreasing to a great extent the infant's death. We have identified the contribution of key factors such as females’ employment, immunization, availability of safe drinking water facilities, and economic growth in lessening the infant mortality rate in nine developing economies from 2000 to 2020. The fixed effect result reveals the infant mortality rate has decreased due to females’ employment, immunization, and provision of safe drinking water facilities. Moreover, economic growth also contributes positively to decreasing infant deaths in the concerned economies. The study results recommend more earning and investment chances for making better the living standards of the communities and children's health status. Moreover, the Government must play its part in decreasing the infant’ mortality rate by providing basic facilities to the general public in these economies.

Demand and Supply Gap of Microcredit: A Case of Akhuwat Foundation in Khanewal

Khuda Bakhsh, Sami Ullah, Saleh Sohail — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Akhuwat Foundation has initiated the program of interest-free micro-credit to support the financial requirements of small farmers in various districts of Punjab. This study is designed to find out whether interest-free micro-finance is sufficient for the requirements of small farmers or whether there exists a gap between demand and supply in Khanewal district. A total of 290 small farmers were selected randomly from the list available with the office of the Akhuwat Foundation. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from the farmers. The logit model was used to determine the factors affecting the demand-supply gap of interest-free micro-credit. Farm size, year of schooling, farming experience, and distance of the farm from the office of Akhuwat Foundation are important determinants affecting the demand-supply gap. Minimizing the gap between supply and demand of micro-credit would benefit the small farmers in order to improve the livelihood and welfare of the poverty-stricken community.

Impact of Remittances on Household Poverty in Pakistan

Waqas Shair, Haleema Afzal, Aftab Ahmad, Rizwan Ul Hassan — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the impact of remittances on household poverty in Pakistan. It assesses and contrasts poverty among households that receive remittances with those that do not. The study further evaluates the differential impact of remittances on poverty among recipient households. The empirical analysis was carried out by using the data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards–Household Integrated Economic Survey (PSLM – HIES 2018-2019). A logistic regression model is employed to analyze the data. The marginal effects of the logit model suggest that a household receiving remittances is associated with a decrease in the probability of being poor. Additionally, an increase in remittance amounts is linked to a further decrease in the likelihood of poverty among recipient households. These findings offer crucial insights for policymakers and development economists, providing guidance on effectively achieving some targets of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1, which aims to alleviate poverty through strategic interventions.

Review of Human Trafficking in Pakistan: Exploring Causes, Challenges, and Strategies for Eradication

Muhammad Farjad Khan, Tansif Ur Rehman, Hamza Ali — Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Human trafficking in Pakistan is a serious issue that involves the exploitation of men, women, and children for various purposes, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, and domestic servitude. Factors such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of employment opportunities, and weak law enforcement contribute to its persistence. Victims are often trafficked within the country, although some are transported abroad, particularly to the Middle East. Pakistan also faces challenges related to bonded labor, a practice where individuals are forced to work to repay debts, often under inhumane conditions. Despite government efforts to combat trafficking, including the enactment of anti-trafficking laws and national action plans, enforcement remains weak due to corruption and limited resources. International organizations and NGOs are actively working to raise awareness, support victims, and strengthen local capacities to address the issue. However, significant challenges remain in eradicating human trafficking and protecting vulnerable populations in Pakistan.