Journal of Economic Impact

Analysis of Green Energy on Environmental Sustainability Framework in Pakistan

Raja Kashif — 2025-10-26

The use of fossil fuels and the intense industrialization of Pakistan have led to the acceleration of environmental degradation, which increases the cost of health and climate susceptibility. The shift to renewable energy source, technological achievements, and evidence-based policy are necessary to ensure economic stability, forestry protection, and preserve human health. The paper examines the correlation between green energy and sustainability in Pakistan between the years 1990 and 2022 with the help of the ARDL estimation. The explanatory variables are the consumption of renewable energy, industrial output, the importation of technology, the involvement of labor, research and development, tourism, urbanization and non-renewable energy consumption. The dependent variables will be environmental degradation, growth in economy and population health. According to the results of the Model 1 (Environmental Sustainability Model), renewable energy, foreign direct investment, tourism, and technological innovation decrease the environmental degradation, and fossil fuel use and industrial activity increase it. According to Model 2 (Economic Sustainability Model), renewable energy, industrial production, investment, labor force participation, innovation, and tourism are the economic growth enablers, but non-renewable energy also plays a role in the short run. Model 3 (Social Sustainability Model) also shows that population health is enhanced by renewable energy, tourism, labor engagement, and innovation, and it is adversely affected by fossil fuels, investment, and industrial activity. The findings highlight why Pakistan needs to increase its solar, wind, and hydropower. The study is based on the 3Ps theory (People, Planet, Profit) and emphasizes that renewable energy could be adopted to improve the social well-being, decrease ecological stress, and stimulate the economic development in the long term.

Effects of IMF Financial Assistance on Economic Performance of Pakistan

Muhammad Imran virk — 2025-10-25

Developing countries like Pakistan seek financial assistance in order to meet their deficits and economic habitual activities. IMF is one of the largest financial institutions for this purpose. This study is designed to assess “the role of IMF in the economic performance of Pakistan” over the time period from 1980 to 2020. The data has been taken from IFS, World Bank, and the State Bank of Pakistan. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test has been used for unit root. The ARDL estimation technique has been used. Economic Performance Index used as dependent variable, whereas Foreign Direct Investment, Money Supply, Exchange Rate, Gross National Expenditure, and Terms of Trade have been taken as independent variables. IMF is treated as a dummy variable in this study. The result shows that the IMF has an adverse relation with the economic performance of Pakistan in both the short and long run. Foreign Direct Investment has positively influenced the economic performance in the short run but negatively in the long run. The exchange rate has negatively affected the economic performance in the short run but positively in the long run. The result also shows that money supply, gross national expenditure, and terms of trade are positively affected by the economic performance as well.

Towards Sensory Marketing: Impact of Multi-Sensory Cues on Consumer Buying Behavior Mediated by Emotional Response and Moderated by Store Environment Attributes

Mubashra Saman — 2025-10-27

The idea of how sensory cues impact consumers’ buying behavior towards bakery products has received little consideration in the past. However, there is little research related to how emotional state mediates the relationship between sensory cues and consumer buying behavior. This study aims to find out the impact of sensory cues on the buying behavior of consumers in retail settings. This study will help retail store managers make effective decisions related to choosing and applying sensory cues and selecting appropriate retail store attributes to create a unique shopping experience. To explain the relationship between the sensory cues and the buying behavior of consumers, the mediating variable Emotional State is used, and Store Environment Attributes is used as a moderating variable. Data is collected through a questionnaire from 200 bakery store customers using a convenience sampling technique from 2 cities: Faisalabad and Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. For the analysis of the collected data, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) is applied as the research is exploratory. Our findings provide a new understanding that both sensory cues and retail store attributes are necessary for positive buying behaviour of the customers. The study provides evidence to the retailers that to lead the customers toward positive buying behavior through sensory cues, they must put focus on their emotional state.